Valuing the Environment

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An ethical basis for conserving biological diversity

Jeffrey McNeely

  • The world is an interdependent whole made up of natural and human communities. The well-being and health of any one part depends upon the well-being and health of the other parts.
  • Humanity is part of nature, and humans are subject to the same immutable ecological laws as all other species on the planet. All life depends on the uninterrupted functioning of natural systems that ensure the supply of energy and nutrients, so ecological responsibility among all people is necessary for the survival, security, equity, and dignity of the world's communities. Human culture must be built upon a profound respect for nature, a sense of being at one with nature and a recognition that human affairs must proceed in harmony and balance with nature.
  • The ecological limits within which we must work are not limits to human endeavour: instead, they give direction and guidance as to how human affairs can sustain environmental stability and diversity.
  • All species have an inherent right to exist. The ecological processes that support the integrity of the biosphere and its diverse species, landscapes, and habitats are to be maintained. Similarly, the full range of human culture adaptations to local environments is to be enabled to prosper.
  • Sustainability is the basic principle of all social and economic development. Personal and social values should be chosen to accentuate the richness of flora, fauna, and human experience. This moral foundation will enable the many utilitarian values of nature&emdash;for food, health, science. technology, industry, and recreation&emdash;to be equitably distributed and sustained for future generations.
  • The well-being of future generations is a social responsibility of the present generation. Therefore, the present generation should limit its consumption of nonrenewable resources to the level that is necessary to meet the basic needs of society, and ensure that renewable resources are nurtured for their sustainable productivity.
  • All persons must be empowered to exercise responsibility for their own lives and for the life of the earth. They must therefore have full access to educational opportunities, political enfranchisement, and sustaining livelihoods.
  • Diversity in ethical and cultural outlooks toward nature and human life is to be encouraged by promoting relationships that respect and enhance the diversity of life. irrespective of the political, economic. or religious ideology dominant in a society.


Source: Jeffrey McNeely et al., Conserving the World's Biological Diversity, IUCN, WRI, CI, WWF and the World Bank, Switzerland and Washington, DC., 1990, p. 26.

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